The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) <b><i>vis-à-vis</i></b> amnesties and pardons: factors concerning or affecting the degree of ECtHR’s deference to states

States have adopted amnesties/pardons concerning serious human rights violations to transition from crises, dictatorships, or conflicts worldwide, including Europe. Although the ECtHR has yet review directly, it increasingly decided on effects of individuals. Thus, main research question herein is identify which factors may determine whether and what extent defers states regarding in cases violations, namely, affecting degree ECtHR’s deference these cases. Based jurisprudence amnesties/pardons, this article argues finds that generally are: national process adoption, application, and/or validation amnesties/pardons; consideration margin appreciation discretion given states; state compliance with international obligations rights; potential impact transitions peace, reconciliation, democracy, rule law. This aims fill a gap scholarship by proposing an explicit, detailed, analytical systematization that, light jurisprudence, explain identification (emerging) jurisprudential trends.